By Samuel T. Hunter, University of Nebraska, Omaha; and Jeffrey B. Lovelace, University of Virginia
14 July 2022
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Description: The charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic (CIP) theory of leadership has emerged as a novel framework for thinking about the varying ways leaders can influence followers. The theory is based on the principle of equifinality, or the notion that there are multiple pathways to the same outcome. Researchers of the CIP theory have proposed that leaders are effective by engaging in one, or a mix of, three leader pathways: the charismatic approach focused on an emotionally evocative vision, an ideological approach focused on core beliefs and values, or a pragmatic approach focused on an appeal of rationality and problem solving. Formation of pathways and unique follower responses are described. The more than 15 years of empirical work investigating the theory are summarized, and the theory is compared and contrasted to other commonly studied and popular frameworks of leadership. Strengths, weaknesses, and avenues for future investigation of the CIP theory are discussed.
About Cambridge Elements in Leadership
Series Editor
Ronald E. Riggio, Claremont McKenna College
Susan E. Murphy, University of Edinburgh
Founding Editor
Georgia Sorenson, University of Cambridge
The Cambridge Elements in Leadership series features “cutting-edge” topics in leadership that are multi- and inter-disciplinary, and will have broad appeal for leadership courses in a variety of programs. In addition to the scholarly audience, Elements also appeals to professionals involved in leadership development and training. Cambridge Elements in Leadership is published by Cambridge University Press in partnership with the International Leadership Association (ILA) and the Møller Institute, Churchill College, at Cambridge.
